TCP/IP
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is an industry standard suit of protocol
designed for wide area networks (WAN)
IP addressing
One of the most important
topics is any discussion of ICP/IP is IP addressing is a numeric identifier
assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the location of a
device on the network. An IP address is a software address, not a hardware
address ….The latter is hard coded on a network interface card (NIC) and use
for finding hosts on a local network. IP addressing was designed to allow a
host on one network to communicate with a host on a different network ardless
of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in.
An IP address is a 32-bit
number that uniquely identifies a host a TCP/IP network. IP addresses are
normally expressed in dotted-decimal format, with for 0 to 255, and the entire
32 bits of the IP Address are allocated to the network and host IDs. IP address
has tow parts, a network ID and a host ID.
The network ID :-
The network ID identifies the
TCP/IP hosts that are located on the same physical network. All hosts on the
same physical network must be assigned the same network ID to communicate with
each other.
The host ID :-
The host ID identifies a host
within a network. The hosts ID must be unique to the network designated by the
network ID. An IP address identifies a system’s location on the same way a
street address identifies a house on a city block.
Network
ID
|
Host
ID
|
32bits
IP Address Classes
Internet addresses are
allocated by the interNIC (http//www.internic.net) the organization that
administers the internet. On single network signet, all IP hosts share the same
network addresses. Each host on that segment must have a unique host portion of
the address. Five pools of IP addresses have been designated as classes of IP
addresses. Only the first three can be assigned to hosts on a network.
Class A addresses
A class A address allocates 8
bits to the network portion of the address and 24 bits to the host portion of
the address. A class A address has a first octet value between 1 and 126 two
addresses cannot be used however. The value 0 cannot use as a network ID the
value 127 also cannot be used because it reserved for loop back functions.
1-126
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
8 bits
Privet IP of A class
10
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network (8 bits) Hosts ID (24 bits)
Real IP of A class
1-9,11-126
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network ID Host ID (24 bit)
8 bit
Example: Private IP of A class
10. 0.
0. 0 > Network
10. 0.
0. 1 > 1 Valid Host
……………
……………
10. 255.
255. 254 > Last valid Host
10. 255.
255. 255 > Broadcast
Class B Addresses
A class A address allocates
16 bits to the network portion of the address and 16 bits to the host portion
of the address. A class B address has a first octet value between 128 and 192.
128-191
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network ID (16 Bit) Host ID (16 Bit)
Privet IP of B class
172
|
16-31
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network
ID (16 Bit) Host ID (16 Bit)
Real IP of B class
128-171
173-191
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network ID (16 Bit) Host ID (16 Bit)
172
|
0-15,32-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network
ID (16 Bit) Host ID (16 Bit)
Example: Private IP of B class
172. 16.
0. 0 Network
172. 16.
0. 1 1st valid Host
………………..
………………..
172. 16.
255. 254 Last Valid Host
172. 16.
255. 255 Broadcast
Class C Address
A class C address allocates
24 bits to the network portion of the address and 8 bits to the host portion of
the address. A class C address has a first octet value between 192 and 223.
192-223
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network ID(24 bits) Host ID(8 bits)
Private IP of C class
192
|
168
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network ID (24 bits) Host ID(8 bits)
Real IP of C class
192
|
0-167,169-255
|
0-255
|
0-255
|
Network ID (24 bits) Host ID(8 bits)
Example: Private IP of C class
192. 168.
110. 0 Network
192. 168.
110. 1 1st valid Host
………………..
………………..
192. 168.
110. 254 Last Valid Host
192. 168.
110. 255 Broadcast
Class D Address
Class D addresses are
reserved for multicast group usage and cannot be assigned to individual host on
a network. A class D address has a first octet value between 234 and 234
Class E Address
Class E addresses are
Experimental addresses that are not available to the public. They have been
reserved for future use. A class E address has a first octet value between 240
and 255.
Summary of Classes
Name of Class
|
Network (bits)
|
Host
(Bits)
|
Subnet
Mask
|
Number of Networks
|
Number of Host
|
|
A
|
1-126
|
8
|
24
|
255.0.0.0
|
126
|
1,67,77,214
|
B
|
128-191
|
16
|
16
|
255.255.0.0
|
16,384
|
65,534
|
C
|
192-223
|
24
|
8
|
255.255.255.0
|
20,97,152
|
254
|
D
|
224-239
|
….
|
….
|
…..
|
…..
|
…..
|
E
|
240-255
|
….
|
….
|
…..
|
…..
|
…..
|
Outher Post
windows server 2003 Part - 2) - Installation
windows server 2003 Part - 3) - Domain Controller
windows server 2003 Part - 4) - User Creation
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